PG

M.Sc.

Name of the Programme

M.Sc. Botany

Scheme of the programme

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

BOTANY DEPARTMENT

                          M.Sc. BOTANY Scheme of Examination (CBCS) w.e.f. 2020-21in Phased Manner

Semester I

Semester-II

Semester III

Semester IV

* Students can choose two open elective courses from the courses available in any department of    Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra/Mooc courses available on Swayam portal- Two credits each

**Candidates shall be allotted to teachers at the beginning of  II semester to facilitate the students to carry project work during semester break in house or in other institutes. Project report would be prepared and submitted under guidance of the concerned teacher.

  Total Credits = 106                                                                                                                                Total Marks = 2650

Syllabus

SEMESTER – I

Paper – BOT-101         Algae & Fungi                Credit -4                   MM-80+20          T: 3hrs

 Objectives: To educate and train the students for professional and research careers in the field of Algology & Mycology.

Outcomes:

CO1    The students will be inspired to become aware and comprehend the broader aspects of algae and fungi.

CO2    The learning outcome will be aimed toward advanced academic education to broaden the knowledge of the biodiversity, ecological significance and economic importance of algae.

CO3    The students will be inspired to become well versed with the fungal world in terms of recent research.

CO4    Economic importance of Fungi with regards to its deleterious and beneficial aspects. Modern economic importance of Lichens. Working knowledge of biological laboratories and research centers in India.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-101 (Algae & Fungi):                                     

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-101 (Algae & Fungi):                                    

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1.         Criteria for algal classification (pigments, reserve food, flagella, etc.) and their taxonomic importance.

2.         Comparative account of important systems of classification and recent trends.

3.         Thallus organization, reproduction and life cycles in algae.

4.         Economic importance of algae as food, feed, uses in industries, etc and algal biofertilizers.

Unit-II

5.        Biodiversity of algae in different habitats (terrestrial, freshwater,  marine, thermal, psychrophilic, subaerial, symbiotic, parasitic, epiphytic, halophytic. etc),       

6.         Dynamics and consequences of algal blooms and red tides. Algae as major components of phytoplankton. Control of Algal nuisance

7.         Morphological features, reproduction and life cycle patterns of the followings:

 Cyanophyta: Nostoc, Nitrogen fixation, heterocyst, range of thallus

 Chlorophyta: Range of thallus, Vaucheria, and Chara

 Xanthophyta: Botrydium

 Bacillariophyta: Thallus structure, and reproduction

 Phaeophyta: Ectocarpus, and  Sargassum

  Rhodophyta: Batrachopsermum, Polysiphonia

                                                                   Unit- III

8.         General characters of fungi: Thallus organization, nutrition, different kinds of spores and their dispersal and reproduction.

9.         Classification of fungi by Ainsworth (1973), Alexopoulos et. al (1996), Hawksworth et al. (1995).

10.        General account and life cycle of the followings:

 Dictyosteliomycota and Myxomycota: Dictostellium and Physarum

 Chytridiomycota and Oomycota: Synchytrium, Phytophthora and downy mildews

Zygomycota: Rhizopus

Ascomycota: Ascocrap types, Taphrina, Venturia, powdery mildew

Basidiomycota: Agracius, Puccinia, Melamspora, Ustilago, Neovossia

Deuteromycota: Sporulating structures, Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria, Helminthospoirum

11.       Concept of Homothallism, Heterothallism,  and  parasexual  cycle.

Unit – IV

12.       Economic importance of fungi in nutrient cycling, decomposition, humus formation, decay and deterioration of wood & timber.

13.       Causal organisms, symptoms, and management of: Late and early blight of potato,  downy mildew of grapes, powdery mildew of peas, green ear disease of Bajra, apple scab, wilt of pigeon pea, karnal bunt of wheat, loose smut of wheat,  black, yellow and brown rust of wheat, tikka disease of groundnut

14.       Lichens: structure, reproduction, and economic importance

Suggested Readings:

1. Ahluwalia, A.S. ( Ed. ). Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.     2003.

2. Carr, N.G. & Whitton, B.A. (1982): The biology of Cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific

    Publ., Oxford, U.K.

3. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental

    Biotechnology, Narosa Publishers.

4.Alexopoulos.C.J. Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1995: Introductory Mycology, John Willey and Sons. Inc

5.Mehrotra.R.S. and Aneja, K.R.1990 An Introduction of Mycology, New Age International Press, New Delhi.

6.Sumbali. G.2005. The Fungi, Narosa Publ.House, New Delhi

7. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyanobacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.

    Amsterdam, Netherlands.

8. Gupta, R.K. & Pandey, V.D. 2007: Advances in Applied Phycology, Daya Publishing

    House, Daryaganj, New Delhi.

9. Hoek, C. Van Den, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. 1995: Algae: An Introduction to

    Phycology, Cambridge University Press, U.K.

10. Morris, I. 1967: An Introduction to the Algae. Hutchinson & Co (Publ) Ltd. London

Paper – BOT-102 – BRYOPHYTES & PTERIDOPHYTES         Credit -4        MM-80+20     T: 3hrs                       

Objectives: The course has been conceived to equip students with the knowledge of characteristics, structure and development of gametophyte and sporophyte in bryophytes & pteridophytes.

Outcomes:

CO1   Classify and distinguish bryophytes and pteridophytes from other groups of plants.

CO2   Learn about the  origin and evolution of sporophyte, heterospory, origin of seed habit , evolutionary trends in stele and spore producing organs.

CO3   Describe the  ecological, economic significance of bryophytes and pteridophytes,

CO4   Appreciate role of these group of plants in understanding basic concepts of morphogenesis, apogamy, apospory  and regulation of development in vitro.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-102 (BRYOPHYTES & PTERIDOPHYTES):            

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-102 (BRYOPHYTES & PTERIDOPHYTES):            

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1.         General characteristics features of Bryophytes. Classification of Bryophytes upto classes, General account of structure and development of gametophyte, sporophyte of Marchantiales, Jungermanniales and Anthcerotales.

2.         General account of structure and development of gametophyte and sporophyte of Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales.

Unit -II

3.         Regulation of protonemal differentiation and bud formation.

4.         Biology of reproduction- In Vitro regulation of gametangia formation: effect of

physical and chemical factors, Cytology of Bryophytes, Apogamy and Apospory.

5.           Ecological importance of bryophytes: Bryophytes as indicators of pollution and minerals; role of Bryophytes in succession

Unit-III

6.         General characteristics of Pteridophytes and their classification

7.         Comparative morphology and reproduction of the following:

Psilophytales (Rhynia, Zosterophyllum), Psilotales (Psilotum), Lycopodiales (Lycopodium, Selaginella), Lepidodendrales (Lepidodendron),

Sphenophyllales (Equisetum)

Unit- IV

8.         Comparative morphology and reproduction of the following :

Ophioglossales (Ophioglossum, Botrychium), Marattiales (Marattia, Angiopteris),

Osmundales, Filicales (Pteris, Dryopteris),Marsileales and Salviniales

9.         Economic and Ecological significance of Pteridophyte in succession.

Suggested Readings:

1.         Parihar, N.S. 1965. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I. Bryohpyta, Central Book

Depot,  Allahabad, India.

2.         Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology, Macmillan, New York.

3.         Chopra, R.N. and Kumra, P.K. 1988. Biology of  Bryophytes. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New

Delhi.

4.         Chopra, R.N. & Bhatla, S.C. 1990. Bryophyte Development: Physiology and

Biochemistry.CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.

5.         Rashid, A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi.

6.         Watson, E.V. 1967. The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications, New

Delhi.

7.         Glime, J.M and Saxena D. 1991. Uses of Bryophytes. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and

Publishers, New Delhi.

8.         Richardson, D.H.S. 1981. The Biology of Mosses. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford,

London.

9.           Parihar, N.S. 1977. The Biology and Morphology of  Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot.

Allahabad.

10.         Rashid, A. 1976. An Introduction to Pteridophyta (Diversity and Differentiation). Vikas

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

11.          Sporne, K.R. 1985 (reprint) The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd.,

Delhi.

Paper – BOT-103 –  CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING       Credit -4    MM-80+20     T: 3hrs

 Objective: The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the students about structure and functions of a chromosome in detail. The course also explains the chromosomal variations and their effects on biological system. Further, it aims to draw attention to methods used for crop improvement.

Outcomes:

CO1 The students get acquainted about the different cytogenetic and molecular techniques used  for genome analysis.

CO2 This course will enable the students to use linkage and recombination frequencies in gene mapping.

CO3  The students get familiarised about role of chromosomes in sex determination and generation of variations.

CO4 The students will know about the methods that can be used to create the desired genotype/phenotype.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-103 (CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-103 (CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1.         Chromatin structure and organization: Chromosome structure and DNA packaging; euchromatin  and heterochromatin.

2.         Organization of plastid and mitochondrial genomes.

3.         Special Chromosomes: Structure, occurrence and behaviour of polytene, lampbrush, B and sex chromosomes.

4.         Karyotype: Karyotype analysis and its evolution; FISH, GISH and flow cytometery.

Unit-II

5.         Cell cycle: Cell cycle phases, checkpoints and regulation.

6.         Chromosome banding techniques and their applications.

7.         Linkage and crossing over: Molecular mechanism of crossing over and role of different enzymes; linkage groups.

8.         Chromosome mapping- Two point and three point test crosses.

Unit-III

9.         Sex determination: Chromosomal and gene determining sex in plants, animals, Drosophila and humans; Gene dosage compensation.

10.       Structural alterations in chromosomes – Origin, meiosis and breeding behaviour of duplication, deficiency, inversion and translocation heterozygotes.

11.       Variation in chromosome number: Haploids, aneuploids and euploids- origin, production, effects and uses; polyploidy and crop improvement.

Unit-IV

12.       Principles of plant breeding: Principles and objectives; methods of breeding self and cross pollinated crops, heterosis and hybrid vigour; utility of hybrids in genetics and plant breeding.

13.       Asexual breeding systems: Methods of breeding of vegetatively propagated crops; Non- conventional methods; gene variability.

14.       Male sterility: Concept; classification; genetic control; inheritance pattern and breeding utility.

Suggested Readings:            

1.           Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J. Raff  M, Roberts K and Walter P (2008) Molecular Biology of the Cell (5^th Ed.). Garland Publishing Inc., New York.

2.           Gustafron  JP (2002) Genomes, Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA.

3.           Karp G (1999) Cell and Molecular Biology, John  Wiley and Sons, USA.

4.           Krebs JE, Goldstein ES and Kalpatrick ST (2010) Lewin’s Essential Genes (2^nd Ed.), Jones and Barlett Publishers.

5.           Lewin B (2010) Gene X, Jones and Barlett Publishers.

6.           Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser, CA, Krieger M, Scott MP Bretscher A Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2008) Molecular Cell Biology (6^th Ed), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

7.           Pierce BA (2012) Genetics- A Conceptual Approach (4^th Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

8.           Poehlman JM and Sleper DA (1995) Breeding Field Crops, AVI. Publ., U.S.A.

9.           Russell PJ (2006) Genetics (5^th  Ed.), Addison Wesley Longman, California, USA.

10.         Snustad P and Simmons MJ (2011)  Principles of Genetics. (6^th Ed.),  John Wiley, New York.

11.         Weaver RF (2005) Molecular Biology, McGraw Hill International Edition.

12.         Watson, JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M and Losick R (2008) Molecular Biology of the Gene

Paper – BOT-104 – ECOLOGY           Credit -4               MM- 80+20             T: 3hrs

Objectives: Critically engage with concepts of Ecological principles and importance of environment and the problems related with it at global and local level.

Outcomes:

CO1  Students will be able to understand about limiting factors controlling distribution and growth of organisms.

CO2  Students will be able to develop insights about the concepts of populations, community and ecosystems and can use in management of natural resources for sustainable development.

CO3  Students will be able to comprehend interactions among components of ecosystems for better stability.

CO4  By understanding the concept of ecological principles and environmental issues, the students will be able to develop attitude, value system and ethics towards environmental related issues.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-104 (ECOLOGY):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-104 (ECOLOGY):

 Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1. The Environment: Physical environment, biotic environment, biotic and abiotic interactions;    Tolerance range and limiting factors, ecotypes

2. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and   realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.

3. Population ecology: Concept, characteristics, population growth and regulation, species interactions—mutualism, competition, allelopathy, predation, parasitism, Life-history strategies and r-and K selection, concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations

Unit-II

4. Community structure and organization; Nature of communities, community structure and its attributes; species diversity, Edges and ecotones, vegetation characteristics (analytical and synthetic characters, methods of analysis.

5. Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.

Unit-III

6. Ecosystem organization: structure and functions; primary production (global pattern and controlling factors); energy dynamics—trophic levels, energy flow pathways and ecological efficiencies.

 7. Decomposition (mechanism, substrate quality and climatic factors); global biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, & S, ecosystem stability (resistance and resilience).

Unit-IV

8. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of India, speciation and extinction, endemism.

 9. Global atmosphere changes: Environmental pollution, global environmental change and its consequences (CO2 fertilization, global warming sea level rise and UV radiation).

Suggested Readings :

1. Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller (2004). Environment Science: Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley & Sons  Inc., New York.

2. Miller (Jr.) and G. Tyler (1994) : Living in the Environment. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California.

3. Odum, E.P. (1983), Basic Ecology, Sanders, Philadelphia.

4. Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5^th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

5. Ramakrishnan, P.S. 2000. Ecology and Sustainable Development. National Book Trust, India

6. Robert Ricklefs (2001). The Ecology of Nature. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company.

7. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.

8. Smith, R.L. (1996), Ecology and Field Biology, Harper Collins, New York.

9. Steffen, W., A. Sanderson, P. D. Tyson, J. Jager, P. M. Matson, B. Moore, III, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H. J. Schnellnhuber, B. L. Turner, II, and R. J. Wasson. 2004. Global change and the Earth system: a Planet under Pressure. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USAReference books.

Paper – BOT-201 – Microbiology and Biostatistics        Credit -4      MM- 80+20          T: 3hrs

Objectives The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various microbial pathogens and their effect on humans affairs. In addition, the course also deals with the growth, collection and maintenance of microbes, their interactions and control of different therapeutic methods.

Outcomes:

CO1  To acquaint the students with the knowledge of various microbes (viruses, bacteriophages, and Cyanobacteria their impacts on Biological Importance.

CO2  The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various laboratory conditions for their culture and maintenance of microorganisms in terms of their control through physical and chemical methods.

CO3   It is aimed to impart knowledge about microbial interactions in the wider context of Environmental Microbiology biological laboratories and research centers in India.

CO4   Working knowledge of biostatistics and their importance in the plant sciences while discussing the results & findings in terms of correlations, regressions and other details.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-201 (Microbiology and Biostatistics):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-201 (Microbiology and Biostatistics):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1.     Structure & replication of viruses and bacteriophage; transmission & control of viruses; Isolation & purification of Plant Viruses.

Diseases caused by Viruses: TMV, Tristeza of citrus

2.     Structure, nutrition, reproduction, and economic importance of bacteria.

Diseases caused by bacteria: Bacterial blight of paddy, Crown gall of stone fruits

A brief account of Cyanobacteria, and phytoplasmas

Unit-II

3.     Growth, culture and maintenance of microorganisms

     Microbial growth and measurement, environmental factors influencing growth.

    Maintenance and preservation of cultures: Subculturing, Storage under mineral oil, Water     storage, soil storage, deep freezing, Lyophilization, and Cryogenic storage.

Culture collection centers

4.     Control of microorganisms: Physical methods(High temperature, dry hot or hot-air                sterilization, moist air sterilization, low temperature, filtration, lyophilization, Radiation), Chemical methods (Disinfectants and antiseptics)

Unit-III

        5.    Microbial interaction: Functions of symbiotic relationships, types of symbiosis,     commensalism, synergism, mutualism-(Lichens, Bacterial endosymbionts of protozoa,         Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, mycorrhizae), parasitism.

     6.    Environmental Microbiology:  Microbiology of fresh, marine and extreme environment,

   Biofilms, Bioremediation of polluted environment, Bioleaching.  

Unit-IV

     7.    Biostatistics: Brief description and tabulation of data and its graphical representation.

8.   Measures of central tendency and dispersion.

1. Mean, mode, median, range standard deviation, variance idea of two types of errors and level of significance, tests of significance (F & t test); chi-square test.

1. Simple Linear Regression and Correlation.

Suggested Readings:

1. Gupta R & Mukherji  K G (2001). Microbial technology, APH Publ. co., New Delhi.

2. Pelezar, MJ, Chaing, ECS & Krieg, NR (1993). Microbiology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publ. New Delhi.

3. Prescott, LM., Harley, JP & Klein, DA (1996). Microbiology Wm. C. Brown Publ. USA.

4. Ronald, M Atlas (1995). Principles of microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

5. Singh R.P. (1990): Introductory Biotechnology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India.

6. Sumbali, G. 2005: The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.

7. Statistics for Biologists (1974) Campbell R.C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

8. Statistics in Biology, Vol. 1 (1967) Bliss, C.I.K, McGraw Hill, New York

Paper-BOT-202: Natural Resources and Biodiversity            Credit -4         MM-80+20      T: 3hrs

Objectives: This course aims to develop knowledge regarding natural resources and their utilization. This also aims to critically engage students with biodiversity-its status, monitoring and conservation.

Outcomes: After completion of course the students will be able to understand

CO1  Resources and their sustainable uses.

CO2  Environmental issues at global and local level.

CO3  Ecosystem Restoration

CO4  Conservation status and strategies, sustainable indicators

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-202 (Natural Resources and Biodiversity):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-202 (Natural Resources and Biodiversity):

Note:-

1.     Nine questions will be set in all.

2.     Question No. 1, which will be objective/short –answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each unit I, II, III & IV. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No. 1 and four more selecting one question from each section.

Unit-I

1)     Resources: Types, Renewable and non-renewable resources; resources degradation and conservation.

2)     Land resources: Land degradation and desertification; management of waste lands in India.

3)     Water resources: Pools of water and Hydrological cycles, surface water and ground water; water-use and management.

4)     Environmental pollution of air, water and soil-types, sources and effects.

Unit-II

5)      Forest resources: Forests and their importance, Non timber forest produce, forest resources of India and forest management.

6)     Types of energy resources, renewable sources of energy-wine energy, wave energy, Energy from biomass, bioconversion technologies, energy plantation and petrocrops.

7)     Ecosystem restoration and Environment impact assessment- Brief account.

Unit- III

8)      Principals of resources conservation and conservation strategies.

9)     Biological diversity: importance, concept and levels biodiversity, threats to biodiversity-habitat loss and fragmentation, exotic species, pollution, species extinctions; IUCN categories of threat.

10)  Distribution and global patterns of biodiversity.

11)  Terrestrial and marine hotspots of biodiversity; Hotspots of biodiversity in India.

Unit- IV

12)  In situ conservation of biodiversity: Protected area in India wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.

13)  Conservation of biodiversity of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs.

14)  Ex situ biodiversity conservation: principles and practices, field gene banks, seed banks and cryopreservation.

15)  Sustainable development: concept, principles and strategies; sustainability indicators.

Paper – BOT-203 – Gymnosperms &Ethnobotany                 Credit -4             MM- 80+20          T: 3hrs                             

Objective: This course is intended to provide the basic understanding of morphology and reproduction in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. It also describes the modern methods of propagation of gymnosperms.

Outcomes:

CO1  Classify  and distinguish  gymnosperms from other groups of plants.

CO2  Trace evolutionary trends in development of male and female gametophytes

CO3  Learn about  economic importance of gymnosperms and modern methods of their   propagation.

CO4  Explain the  ethnobotany, its history,  significance , methods and techniques used    in         ethnobotanical study and research.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT- 203 (Gymnosperms &Ethnobotany):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-203 (Gymnosperms & Ethnobotany):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

      1.   Classification of gymnosperms and their distribution in India.

      2.   Brief account of the following families:

Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, Glossopteridaceae, Caytoniaceae.

Unit – II

      3.   General account of the following orders:

Cycadeoidales(Cycadeoidea), Pentoxylales, Cordiatales

      4.   Comparative account of Structure and reproduction in the following orders:

Cycadales (Cycas), Ginkgoales (Ginkgo).

Unit- III

5.     Coniferales (Pinus, Cedrus), Ephedrales (Ephedra),  Welwitschiales, Gnetales

      6.   Economic importance of gymnosperms, Role of Gymnosperms in Biodiversity.

      7.   Modern methods of propagation of gymnosperms: somatic embryogenesis, haploids and

protoplast culture  

Unit-IV

8.    Ethnobotany: History and importance of ethnobotany, ethnomedicobotany, ethnozoology,   ethnoveterinary, ethnomusicology and ethnoagriculture

9      Wild edible plants used as emergency food by triblals in India, methods and techniques in   ethnobotanical study and research.

10.   Traditional plants: Cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices and mushrooms, wild  edible fruits and    seeds. Plants in folk songs and proverbs. Sacred grooves, Impact of moderenization.

Suggested Readings:

   1. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

          2. Sporne, K.R. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

    3.  Bierhorst, D. W. 1971. Morphology of  Vascular Plants. Macmillan. New York.

   4 . Cotton, C.M. 1996. Ethnobotany- Principles and Appliations, Centruy School Book by service

Film setting Ltd.

5.     Dahlgren. R.H., Clifford, T and P.F Yeo 1985.The families of the monocotyledons; structure,

Evolution and Taxonomy. SpingeVerag, NY.

6. Gary J, Martin, 2004. Ethnobotany- A Methods Manual, Chapman and Hall. U.K.

7. Jain S.K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

8. Jain S.K. 1987. A manual of ethnobotany. Scientific publisher Jodhpur.

9. Jain S.K. and Mundgal, 1999. Handbook of ethnobotany, London.

10. Pursrglove, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops-Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons of ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnoecology, ethnic communities.

11. Rao, P.C. 2006. Medicinal plants: Ethanobotanical Approach, Agribios, India.

12. Trivedi, P.C. 2006. Medicinal plants: Ethanobotanical Approach, Agribios, India.

13. Yoganarasimhan, S.N. Medicinal Plants of India-Vol-I- Karnataka, Interline Publishing Pvt. Ltd.

Paper – BOT-204 –    MOLECULAR GENETICS                 Credit -4     MM- 80+20          T: 3hrs                            

Objective: This course is intended to provide the basic understanding of biological processes such as DNA replication, transposition and mutations. A key thrust of this paper is towards the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of gene expression and regulation.

Outcome:

CO1   The students will have enhanced understanding of genome structure, evolution and its replication.

CO2   This course will impart the knowledge of basics of mutations and their importance; DNA repair mechanisms.

CO3   The students will learn about the methods of genetic recombination in bacteria

CO4   The students will gain insight into the principle mechanisms of genome expression and its regulation.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT- 204 (MOLECULAR GENETICS ):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-204 (MOLECULAR GENETICS ):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

UNIT-I

1.     Eukaryotic genome: Different forms of DNA, C- value paradox, unique and repetitive DNA, gene families, hybridization kinetics and split genes.

2.     Transposable elements: Mechanisms of transposition; transposons in bacteria, maize, Drosophila and yeast.

3.     DNA Replication: Semi-conservative, bidirectional, replication origins, replication machinery.

UNIT-II

4.     Mutations: types, isolation of mutants, molecular basis of mutations.

5.     DNA damage and repair: Causes of DNA damage; Photoreactivation, excision, mismatch,

post replication and error prone repair systems.

6.     Fine structure of gene: cis-trans test, rII locus, fine structure analysis of eukaryotes.

7.     Bacterial genetics:  conjugation, transduction and transformation.

UNIT- III

8.     Transcription: Initiation, elongation and termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, RNA polymerases.

9.     RNA Processing: Processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

10.  Genetic code: Deciphering the genetic code, characteristics.

11.  Translation: Initiation, elongation and termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

UNIT-IV

12.  Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Operon concept, lac operon regulation by positive and negative mechanism, trp operon, regulation by negative and attenuation.

13.  Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes:

a)     Transcriptional level – Regulatory sequences, nucleosome positioning, chromatin remodelling, histone modifications.

         b)  Post-transcriptional level – RNA splicing, RNA stability.

         c)  Translational level and post-translational level.

 Suggested Readings:

1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J. Raff  M, Roberts K and Walter P (2008) Molecular Biology of the Cell (5^th Ed.). Garland Publishing Inc., New York.

2. Brown TA (1999) Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.

3. Burns GW and Bottino PJ (1989) The Science of Genetics, Macmillan Publishing Co. New York.

4. Clark D (2005) Molecular abiology, Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Inc. C. California.

5. Gustafron  JP (2002) Genomes.Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA.

6. Hartl DL (1999) Genetics Principles and analysis. (4^th  Ed.) Jones and Bartle, Boston.

7. Henry RJ (1997) Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

8. Klug  WS and Cunning MR (1996)  Essentials of Genetics. Prentice Hall London.

9. Krebs JE, Goldstein ES and Kalpatrick ST (2010) Lewin’s Essential Genes (2^nd Ed.), Jones and Barlett Publishers.

 10. Lewin  B (2005) Genes VIII. Oxford University Press, New York.

11. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser, CA, Krieger M, Scott MP Bretscher A Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2008) Molecular Cell Biology (6^th Ed), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

12. Pierce BA (2012) Genetics- A Conceptual Approach (4^th  Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

13. Russell PJ (2006) Genetics (6^th  Ed.), Addison Wesley Longman, California, USA.

14 Snustad P and Simmons MJ (2011), Principles of Genetics. (6^th  Ed.), John Wiley, New York.

15. Swanson CP, Mertz T and Young WJ (1981) Cytogenetics- The Chromosome in Division, Inheritance and Evolution (2^nd Ed.),  Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

16. Weaver  RF  and Hedrick  PW (1997). Genetics (3^rd  Ed.) WMC Brown, Chicago.

17. Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M and Losick R (2008) Molecular Biology of the Gene (6^th Ed.), CSHLP, New York.

                                                            OPEN ELECTIVE

PAPER – BOT-206 – PLANTS FOR HUMAN WELFARE         CREDIT -2      MM- 40+10      T: 3hrs                             

Objective: This course is intended to provide the basic understanding the origin, morphology, cultivation of major crops. It also deals with the traditional knowledge and utility of some common spices, condiments, medicinal plants and horticulture crops.

Outcomes:

CO1  Explain  the origin of agriculture and centres of origin of various crops

CO2  Identify the plant sources of  foods, modern and traditional medicines, spices, oil, fibres, dyes, gum and timbers.

CO3  Learn about plant sources of  psychoactive compounds, ornamental plants and identification of  common food adulterants

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT- 206 (PLANTS FOR HUMAN WELFARE):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-206 (PLANTS FOR HUMAN WELFARE):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

Plants and Civilization: Origin of agriculture

Origin crop plants: Idea about centre of origin of common crop plants

Minor Cereals, Major cereals Pseudocereals and pulses

Spices and condiments (Saffron, Clove, Cardamom, Ginger, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Capsicums, Asafetida, Coriander, Fennel, Fenugreek)

Unit –II

Medicinal plants: Importance of medicinal plants – role in human health care

Traditional knowledge and utility of some common medicinal plants-Sarpgandha, Isabgol,Vasaka, Neem, Bhiringraj, Amla, Harrad, Bahera, Arjun ,Punarnava , Brahmi, Kasondi, Ghritkumari, Quinine and Eucalyptus

Psychoactive plants – general account and classification

Unit –III

Nutritive and medicinal value of some fruits and vegetables (Guava, Sapota, Orange,

Mango, Banana, Lemon, Pomegranate, Moringa, Cabbage)

Beverages (Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, Cola)

Common ornamental plants

Common food adultrants

Unit-IV

Common timber yielding plants and minor forest products

General account of Fibers, dyes, tannins, gums and resins

Insecticides from plants Pyrethrum and Rotenone

Suggested Readings:

Kochar, S.L. 1981. Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.

Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany (2^nd Ed.) McGraw Hill,  New York.

Cobley, L.S. and Steele, W.M. 1976. An Introduction  to the Botany of Tropical Crops (2^nd Ed.) Longmans, London.

Simmonds, N.W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants Longman, London, New York.

SambaMurthy, AVS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1989. A Text Book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,Delhi

Schery, R.W. 1972. Plants for Man. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. USA

Simpson B. B. M. C. Ogorzaly 2001. Economic botany: plants of our world, 3^rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.

SEMESTER – III

Paper – BOT-301-Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry     Credit -4         MM-80+20      T: 3 hrs                             

Objective: The course would deal with the study of plant physiology especially the water transport, absorption, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism.

Outcome:

CO1  The students will be able to understand the physiology and basic metabolism of plants.

CO2  The students will be learning about the concepts of water potential, transpiration  and  mechanisms of water absorption  in plants.

CO3   During the course students will gain in depth  knowledge about mineral nutrition, photosynthesis and respiration in plants.

CO4  The students will be able to  increase the understanding about enzymes,  lipid metabolism  and nitrogen metabolism.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT- 301 (Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry):            

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-301 (Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry):            

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

Water: Passive and active absorption of water.

Plant water relations: Concept and components of water potential, soil water relationship, transpiration and factors governing transpiration, antitranspirants.

Unit-II

Mineral Nutrition: Role and mode of action of micro and macro-nutrients.

Photosynthesis: Photo-oxidation        of         water,  cyclic  and      non-cyclic photophosphorylation, photorespiration and its significance. The sequence of reactions in photosynthesis, the path of carbon assimilation (C3 and C4 cycles, CAM pathway).

Unit-III

Respiration:  Glycolysis,  Krebs  cycle,  electron  transport  chain  and  ATP  synthesis,  pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate cycle.

Nitrogen Metabolism: Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, nitrogen fixation in legumes, nitrate assimilation, ammonium assimilation, biosynthesis of amino acids.

Unit-IV

Lipid Metabolism:

Fatty   acid biosynthesis,   Alpha   and   beta   oxidation   and   conservation   into carbohydrates.

Enzymes: Structure, properties and functions of enzymes, factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions, isozymes, allosteric enzymes.

Suggested Readings:

Bonner, J. And Varner, J.E. (1976). Plant Biochemistry, IIIrd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London.

Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W.  And Jones,  R.L.  (2000).  Biochemistry  and  Molecular  Biology  of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.

Davies, Peter  J.  (1995). Plant Hormones:  Physiology,  Biochemistry  and  Molecular  Biology.  2^nd

Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Dey,  P.M.  and  Harborne,  J.B.  (1997), First Indian Edition, Plant  Biochemistry.  Academic Press, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd.

Garrett, R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1999). Biochemistry. Second edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

Hopkins, W.G. (1995) Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons.

Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi.

Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1993). Plant Metabolism. Second edition, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.

Lehninger, A.L. (1978). Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India (Indian edition).

Lehninger, A.L, Nelson, D.L. and  Co  MM 1993Principles  of  Biochemistry Second  edition, CBS Publishers.

Moore, Thomas.  C. (1989).  Biochemistry and  Physiology  of  Plant  Hormones.  Second  edition (Reprint 1994), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi..

Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Second edition Seventh reprint, 1993.

Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, California, USA.

Singhal, G.S. Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee (editors) (1999). Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA

Trehan, K. (1990). Biochemistry. Second edition, Wiley-Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

Trivedi,  P.C.  (2006).        Plant  Molecular  Physiology:  Current  Scenario  and  Future  Projections. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.

Weil,  J.H.  (1990).  General  Biochemistry.  Sixth  edition.  Wiley-Eastern,  New  Age  International Publishers, New Delhi.

Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology, ELBS, Longman, England. Zubay, Geoffrey. (1989). Biochemistry. Mc.Millan Publishing Co. New

Paper – BOT-302- Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany       Credit -4       MM-80+20      T: 3hrs                             

Objective: The course would deal with the study of the basic concepts of plant taxonomy and botanical nomenclature. The course is also designed to know about the origin of agriculture and economic importance of major crop plants.

Outcomes:

CO1  Understand the significance, basic concepts, tools of plant taxonomy

CO2  Learn about the different systems of classification of angiosperms and relevance of plant taxonomy to other branches.

CO3  Acquire knowledge about  the plant sources of foods, modern and traditional medicines, spices, oil, fibres, dyes, gum and timbers.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 302 (Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany):           

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-302 (Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

The Species concept, Taxonomic hierarchy, Species, Genus and Family

Taxonomic evidence: Morphology, anatomy, palynology.

Taxonomic Tools: Herbarium and Floras.

Botanical Gardens and herbaria in India; Botanical Survey of India its organization and role.

Unit-II

Salient Features of the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN).

Systems  of  angiosperm  classifications  of Benthom  and  Hooker,  Engler  and  Prantl, Hutchinson, Cronquist, Takhtajan, Dahlgren and Thorne,

Relative merits and demerits of these systems.

Unit-III

Origin of agriculture: World centers of primary diversity of domesticated plants.

Origin, botany, cultivation and uses of  cereals (wheat, rice), Sugarcane, Potato

Oil yielding plants (groundnut, mustard, sunflower)

Unit-IV

Botany, origin, uses of important fibres (Cotton, Jute),

General account of important spices (Ginger, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Clove, Cardamom, Chilies, Pepper, Fennel, Coriander, Cumin, Asafetida, Nutmeg, Mace, and Saffron),

General account of important medicinal plants (Aconite, Cinchona, Belladonna, Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza, Rauvolfia, Papaver, Vasaka, Aloe and Ginseng). A brief account of major Indian Medicinal plants(Amla, Neem, Arjun, Harad, Bahera, Isabgol, Ashwagandha, Bhringraj and Senna)

General account of important timber, dye, gums and tannin yielding plants

Suggested Readings:

Radford, A.E. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Publishers Inc.

Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan C., New York.

Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H. 1965. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. D Van Nostrand Co. , New York.

Sivarajan, V.V. 1984. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.

Kochar, S.L. 1981. Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.

Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany (2^nd Ed.) McGraw Hill,  New York.

Cobley, L.S. and Steele, W.M. 1976. An Introduction  to the Botany of Tropical Crops (2^nd Ed.) Longmans, London.

Simmonds, N.W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants Longman, London, New York.

SambaMurthy, AVS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1989. A Text Book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,Delhi

Judd, W.S.; Campbell. C.S., Kellogg, E.A. and Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc.  Publishers,  Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Schery, R.W. 1972. Plants for Man. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. USA

Simpson B. B. M. C. Ogorzaly 2001. Economic botany: plants of our world, 3^rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.

Hancock. J. F.  2004. Plant evolution and the origin of crop species. 2^nd  edition. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA USA.

Radford,  A.  E.,  W.  C.  Dickison,  J.  R.  Massey,  C.  R.  Bell.  1976.  Vascular  Plant Systematics  Harper and

Paper-BOT-303 Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering    Credit -4   MM-80+20  T: 3hrs                             

Objective: This course is intended to provide knowledge about Recombinant DNA Technology, DNA cloning, gene amplification, genetic transformation methods and transgenic plants.

Outcome:

CO1  The students will have better understanding of various tools and  techniques of genetic engineering.

CO2  During the course students will gain in depth  knowledge about different methods for genetic transformation of plants.

CO3  The students will acquire understanding of production of transgenic plants for biotic and abiotic stress resistance, male sterility and edible vaccines.

CO4  During the course students will gain in depth  knowledge about gene cloning methods, PCR and fermentation technology.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 303 (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-303 (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

Techniques used in DNA Technology: Gel Electrophoresis, PFGE, Southern and Western blotting, Dot blots, Chemical synthesis of genes, DNA chip technology.

Isolation of genes, Sequencing of genes: Maxam & Gilbert’s method, Sanger’s method and next- generation sequencing technologies,

Brief account of proteomics and genomics.

Unit-II

DNA cloning methods, using vectors (Plasmids, phages, cosmids, phagemids, transposons, artificial chromosomes, BAC, YAC, MAC), cloning in bacteria and eukaryotes, genomic and C-DNA Libraries.

Gene amplification by PCR: different types, DNA finger printing, molecular probes: General features and applications.

Unit-III

Gene transfer methods in plants: plasmid mediated, electroporation, cation precipitation, liposomes, microinjection and particles gun technology, expression of transgenes.

Transgenic plants: production of transgenic plants with respect to insect resistance,  herbicide resistance, resistance against biotic and abiotic factors, transgenics for male sterility and  edible vaccines

Unit-IV

Yeast and algal biomass as source of single cell protein, oils and vitamins, microbial fermentation technology in food industry.

Plant and microbial biopesticides, bioremediation and phytoremediation.

Suggested  readings

Bajaj, Y.P.S. 2000. Biotechnology in Agriculture  and Forestry-44- Transgenenic Trees, Springer Pub., New York, USA

Bajaj, Y.P.S. 2000. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry-46-Transgenic Trees, Springer Pub., New York, USA

Brown, T.A. 1999 Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore

Dawson, M.T. Powell, R, and L. Gannon, F.1996. Gene Technology, BIOS Sci. Pub. Ltd., Oxford, UK.

Erlich, H.A.(Ed.) 1989, PCR Technology –  Principles and  applications for DNA Amplification, Stockton Press, New York, USA

Glazer, A.N. and Nikaido, H. 1995. Microbial Biotechnology, W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, USA

Glover, D.M. and Hames, B.D.(Eds.) 1995. DNA Clonning 1 – A Practical Approach, OIRL Press, Oxford, UK

Gupta, P.K. 1996. Elements of Biotechnology,  Rastogi & Co., Pub.,  New Pub., Meerut, India.

Hammond, J., McGarvey, P. And Yusibov, V. (Eds.) 1999. Plant Biotechnology – New Products and Applications, Springer Pub., New York, USA.

Henry,   R.J.   1998.  Practical   Applications   of   Plant   Molecular   Biology, Chapman & Hall, London, UK

Keller, G.H. and Manak, M.M. 1993. DNA Probes, Mac Millan Pub. Ltd. UK.

Lea, P. And Leegood, R.C. 1999. Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (2^nd Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., England.

Lewin, B. 2005. Genes VIII,Osford University Press, Oxford, UK

Lindsey, K. And  Jones, M.G.K. 1990. Plant Biotechnology in  Agriculture, Prentice Hall Int. Pub., London,  UK

Malaacinski, G.M. and Freifilder, D. 1998. Essentials of Molecular Biology 3^rd Ed.), Jones & Bartlett Pub., London, UK

Miesfield, R.L. 1999. Applied Molecular Genetics, Wiely Liss, New York, USA.

Nicklin,J., Graeme-Cook, K.Paget, T. And Killington, R. 1999. Instant Notes in Mircobiology, VIVA Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India

Purohit, S.S., Kothari, P.R. and Mathur, S.K. 1993. Basic and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro Botanical Pub. Bikaner, India.

Rehm;,   H.I.   and   Reed,   S.G.   (Eds.)   1995.   Fundamentals   of   Genetic Engineering, Pallicut, London, UK.

Scragg,  A.  1999.  Environmental  Biotechnology,  Pearson  Education  Ltd., England, UK

Shantharam, S. And Montogomery, J.F. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Pub. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.

Sheehan, D. (Ed.) 1997. Bioremediation Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa, USA

Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics (2^nd  Ed.) John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA

Paper – BOT-304(a) ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-I (ELECTIVE)             Credit -4    MM-80+20  T: 3hrs                             

Objectives: To acquaint the PG students with importance of Phycology (Algology) towards its contribution to the famous ‘Green Revolution’ of the nation, thereby making India self-reliant in food grain production.

Outcome:

CO1  To acquaint the PG students with importance of Phycology (Algology) towards its contribution to the famous ‘Green Revolution’ of the nation, thereby making India self-reliant in food grain production.

CO2  To come out with the trained professionals having the knowledge of nutritional

requirements of algae for their mass/ large scale cultivation with particular reference to ecological biodiversity of algae & algal bio-fertilizers in Haryana.

CO3  The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various laboratory conditions for their culture and maintenance of algae in terms of their control in water supplies, on ancient monuments and Paddy field algal flora as the N₂-economy builders of the nation.

CO4  The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various physiological and biochemical aspects on algal flora exposed to pesticides, toxicants and heavy metals to comprehend the mechanisms of adaptation against them in terms of their uptake kinetics.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT- 304 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1) Limits to algal growth in natural waters.

2) Dynamics and consequences of freshwater marine & algal blooms; Causative factors for eutrophication and its impact.

3) A brief account of phycological researches in India.

Unit-II

4) Mineral nutrition in algae with emphasis on Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Molybdenum, & Silica.

5) Synchronous & continuous cultures and their uses; Physiology of nutrient regulated algal growth.

6) A brief account of culture techniques, media for algal growth and measurement techniques.

Unit-III

7) Algae in water supplies, on ancient monuments and bio-fouling of ships.

8) Ecological biodiversity of algae in unusual habitats with suitable examples.

9) Paddy field algal flora as N₂-economy builders of the nation.

Unit-IV

10) Physiological and biochemical aspects on algal flora exposed to heavy metals. 

11) Kinetics of heavy metal uptake and its bioaccumulation.

12) Mechanisms of adaptation against tolerance to toxicants, pesticides and salt.

Suggested Readings:

1. Ahluwalia, A.S. ( Ed. ). Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi. 2003.

2. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae – Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

3. Carr, N.G. & Whitton , B.A. (1982): The biology of Cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific

Publ., Oxford, U.K.

4. Dubey, R.C. (2006): Introduction to Biotechnology, Delhi Book Trust, New Delhi.

5. Dubey, R.C. (2014): Advanced Biotechnology, S Chand & Cmpany Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental

Biotechnology, Narosa Publihers.

7. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyanobacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.

Amsterdam, Netherlands.

8. Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA.

Paper – BOT-304(b) APPLIED MYCOLOGY (ELECTIVE)      Credit -4         MM-80+20          T: 3hrs                           

Objectives: The course has been envisaged to make the students aware about the role of fungi in Industry, as biofertilizer, as biocontrol agents, and biodeteriorating agents. Besides this, the course will be helpful in acquainting the students with the various techniques of culturing and isolation of fungi from various sources, culture media and preservation of fungi.

Outcomes:

CO1  Production of Valuable microbial products.

CO2  Role of Fungi as biofertilisers and biocontrol agents.

CO3  Techniques used for maintenance of fungal cultures.

CO4   Commercial production of mushrooms.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-304 (b) (APPLIED MYCOLOGY):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (b) (APPLIED MYCOLOGY):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

Primary metabolites production by fungi: industrial alcohol, organic acid, beer.

Secondary  metabolites  production  by  fungi:  Antibiotics,  steroid  transformation,. Enzymes, amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins

Unit-II

Fungi as biofertilizers : Endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae.

Fungi as biocontrol of plant pathogens and weeds.

Biodeterioration of materials: Paper, painted surface, wood.

Unit-III

Food processing by fungi: Bread, cheese, oriental food and baker’s yeast.

Fungal sources of health food: Single cell protein, edible mushrooms.

Spoilage of food and fungal toxicity.

Unit-IV

Culturing and preservation of fungi: isolation of fungi, culturing of fungi, establishing a pure culture, aseptic technique, maintenance of culture collection, culture collection and identification centres.

Common culture media and sterilization techniques.

Suggested Readings:

Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. (1995): Introductory Mycology, John Willy and Sons. Inc.

Bilgrami, K.SA. &  Verma R.N. (1981): Physiology of fungi, Vikas Publ. Ltd.,  New Delhi.

Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. (1984): An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi.

Butler, E.J. & Jones, S.G. (1976): Plant Pathology, Periodical Expert Book Agency, New Delhi.

Clifton, A. (1958): Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw Hill Books Co. New York.

Dubey, R.C. (2005): A Text Book of Biotechnology, S Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

Bilgrami, K.S. & Dubey H.C. (1986): A text book of Modern Plant Pathology, Vikas, Publ. Ltd., N.Delhi.

Gupta, R. & Mukerji, K.G. (2001): Microbial Technology, APH Publ. Co., New Delhi.

Mehrotra,  R.S.  &  Aneja,  K.R.  (1990):      An  introduction  of  Mycology,  New  Age International Press, N. Delhi.

Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Chaing & N.R. Krieg, 1993:  Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. N. Delhi.

Mundukur, B.B. (1967): Fungi & Plant Diseases, Pochillion Co. Ltd., USA.

Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3^rd  edition, Wm. C. Brown Publ., USA.

Ronald M. Atlas (1995): Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri,

Paper – BOT-304(c) – RESTORATION ECOLOGY (ELECTIVE)            Credit-4        MM-80+20       T: 3 hrs                         

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Objectives: To develop the abilities of students to critically engage with concepts and theory in Restoration ecology from interdisciplinary perspectives and at an advanced level.

Outcomes: Student will be able to embrace the implications of the basic principles of restoration ecology for the future of restoration of degraded ecosystems and their management.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-304 (c) (RESTORATION ECOLOGY):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (c) (RESTORATION ECOLOGY):

Unit-I

1) Restoration-Terms and definitions, Importance of ecological restoration: strategies of  Restoration-Natural recovery, active restoration, rehabilitation.

2) Restoration plan and rehabilitation measures.

    3) Natural and anthropogenic disturbances: Characteristics and sources, effects on structural and functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Unit-II

4) Rehabilitation of salt affected soils.

5) Prevention and mitigation of invasive species; Habitant fragmentation.

6) Ecosystem stability: Structural and functional stability.

7) Climate change mitigation and Biological carbon sequestration.

Unit-III

8) Sustainable forestry management and agroforestry.

9) Biotechnological Tools of Restoration.

10) Environmental impact and risk assessment.

Unit-IV

11) Degradation and Restoration of forest and grassland ecosystems.

12) Degradation and restoration of aquatic resources: River corridors, wetlands and lakes. Adaptive restoration of wetlands; Waste water recycling and waste management.

13) Reclamation of mining sites, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation.

Suggested Readings :

1. Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller (2004). Environment Science: Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

2. Carson, Rachel . 1962. Silent spring. Boston, Houghton Mifflin

3. Manahan, S.E. 2000. Environmental Chemistry. Seventh Edition. Lewis Publishers, New York

4. Mitsch, W.J. and Jorgensen, S.E. (eds.) 1989. Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

 5. Morgan, R.K. Environmental Impact Assessment; A methodological Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.

6. Pierzynski, G.M., Sims, J.T. and Vance, G.F. 2000. Soils and Environmental Quality. Second Edition. CRC press, New York.

7. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.

8. Bradshaw, A.D. and Chadwick, M.J. (1980). The Restoration of Land Ecology and Reclamation f Derelict and Degraded Land Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, England. 9. Pace, M.L. and Groffman, P.M. (Eds.) (1998). Success, limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science, Springer Verlag, New York.

10. Packard, S. And Mutel C.F. eds. (1997). The Tall Grass Restoration Handbook, Island Press, Washington, DC.

11. Petts, G. And Calow P. Larsen, P. (1996). River Restoration a Blackwell Science, Oxford, England.

12. Urbanska, K.M. Webb, N.R. and Edwards, P.J. (1998). Restoration Ecology and Sustainable Development. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

13. USEPA (2000). Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources. EPA 841-F-00-003.

Paper – BOT-306 – Biodiversity and its conservation                   Credit -2         MM-40+10        T: 3hrs  

Objectives: This paper is meant for students to gain in-depth knowledge of different levels, threats and distribution of Biodiversity and focus on the different approaches for biodiversity conservation.

Outcomes:

CO1  Define  and appreciate the value of biodiversity

CO2  Learn about the distribution patterns and threats to biodiversity

CO3  Acquire knowledge about hotspots of biodiversity

CO4  Learn about the various methods to conserve biodiversity

CO to PO MAPPING MATRIX OF PAPER  BOT -306 (Biodiversity and its conservation):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-306 (Biodiversity and its conservation):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

    Unit-I

1.     Biodiversity: importance, levels of biodiversity- species, genetic and ecosystem diversity, threats to biodiversity- habitat loss and fragmentation, exotic species, pollution, overexploitation, IUCN categories of threat

2.     Distribution and global patterns of biodiversity

3.     Biodiversity and ecosystem services

4.     Terrestrial and marine hotspots of biodiversity; hotspots of biodiversity in India. 

Unit-II

5.     Principles and importance of conservation biology; In- situ conservation of biodiversity-Sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.

6.     Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity: Principles and practices, field gene banks, seed banks and cryopreservation

7.     Approaches for biodiversity conservation: tropical forests, wetlands and aquatic ecosystems

8.     Major approaches to Management,  Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Project tiger, biosphere reserves)

Suggested Readings :

Chape, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. and Spalding, M. 2003. United Nations list of protected areas. IUCN/UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge

Gopal, B. (ed.) 1987. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation of the Indian Subcontinent. W. Junk bv.  The Hague.

Heywood, V.(Ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Hunter (Jr.) M.L. (1996); Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, Blackwell Science. Meffe G.K. and C. Ronals Corroll (1994) Principles of Conservation Biology, Sinaur Associates, Inc., Sunderland. Massachusetts.

Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5^th Edition. John Wiley

& Sons Inc., New York.

Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.

Soule, M.E. (ed.) (1986) : Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinaur Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.

SEMESTER – IV

Paper – BOT-401 PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT     Credit-4  MM- 80+20     T: 3hrs

Objective: The course would deal with different aspects of plant growth and development especially germination and dormancy of seeds, plant growth regulators, senescence and abscission, photomorphogenesis and response of plant to different abiotic stresses.

Outcomes:

CO1  The students will be able to understand the basic concepts of plant growth and development.

CO2   The students will be learning about abiotic stress tolerance/adaptive physiological changes affecting  plant productivity.

CO3  During the course students will gain in depth  knowledge about various plant growth regulators and their role in physiology of growth and development.

CO4  Students will be acquainted with the knowledge of physiology of flowering and sensory biology.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT- 401 (PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-401 (PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

Plant Growth: Growth concepts, Growth curves, Growth analysis.

Germination and Dormancy of seeds ; factors affecting        dormancy and its regulation by plant growth regulators and environmental factors.

Stress Physiology: Response of plants to abiotic stresses: abiotic stress affecting plant productivity. Basic principles of crop improvement programme under stress.

Unit-II

Plant Growth Regulators: Discovery, biosynthetic pathways, transport, influence on plant growth and mechanism of action of: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid.

Unit-III

Senescence and Abscission:

Physiological  and  biochemical  changes  associated  with senescence and abcission .

Tropism: Phototropism, nature of receptors, role of hormones, Geotropism and nastism.

Unit-IV

Sensory Photobiology:

Phytochromes:            mechanism      of         phytochrome   action, photomorphogenesis   and cryptochromes .

The Flowering Process:

Photoperiodism and its significance, importance of dark periods, role of vernalization.

Nature and events during flowering, florigen concept, chemical control of flowering.

Suggested Readings:

Audus, L.J. (1972). Plant Growth Substances. Vol.I Chemistry and Physiology. Leonard Hill, London.

Bonner, J. And  Varner, J.E. (1976). Plant Biochemistry,IIIrd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London.

Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. And Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemstry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.

Davies, Peter J. (1995). Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2^nd  Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian Edition, Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, Harcourt Asia Pvt.Ltd.

Garrett, R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1999). Biochemistry. Second edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

Hopkins, W.G. 1995 Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons.

Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi.

Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1993). Plant Metabolism. Second edition, Affiliated East- West Press Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.

Lehninger, A.L. (1978). Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India

Lehninger, A.L, Nelson, D.L. and Co MM 1993 Principles of Biochemistry Second edition, CBS Publishers.

Moore, Thomas. C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi..

Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Second edition Seventh reprint, 1993.

Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, California, USA.

  Singhal, G.S. Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee (editors) (1999). Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA

Trehan, K. (1990). Biochemistry. Second edition, Wiley-Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

Trivedi, P.C. (2005).  Applied Botany. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.

Trivedi, P.C. (2006).  Plant Molecular Physiology: Current Scenario and Future Projections. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.

Weil, J.H. (1990). General Biochemistry. Sixth edition. Wiley-Eastern, New Age International Publishers, New

Paper – BOT-403  Plant Tissue Culture                 Credit -4              MM-80+20                T: 3hrs

Objective: This course seeks to impart detailed knowledge of micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, haploid production, somatic hybridization, cryopreservation and secondary metabolite production.

Outcomes:

CO1  This course will impart knowledge to students for non-conventional multiplication of plants.

CO2  Students will learn about regeneration of complete plants from plant organs/cell other than seeds.

CO3  Students will be able to apply knowledge regarding in vitro techniques in Agriculture and forestry.

CO4  Students will attain practical knowledge of preparing artificial seeds.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-403 (Plant Tissue Culture):         

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-403 (Plant Tissue Culture):         

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit I

1.     History of Plant Tissue Culture, Basic concept, principles and scope of plant cell and tissue culture, concepts of cellular  differentiation;  Totipotency; basic techniques of plant tissue culture; callus formation, organogenesis and embryogenesis.

2.     Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, somatic hybridization, hybrid selection and regeneration. Cybrids and their application.

Unit-II

3.     In vitro haploid production and its significance, Anther/Pollen culture and ovary culture; Embryo and ovule culture Production of triploids through endosperm culture.

4.     Micropropagation: meristem culture and virus-free plants; Cryopreservation of plant cell and tissue cultures and establishment of gene banks.

Unit-III

5.     Somaclonal variations and isolation of useful mutants; mechanisms and applications in genotype improvement.

6.     Role of plant cell cultures in Bioreactor types and application in cell culture and secondary metabolite production.

Unit-IV

7.     Somatic embryogenesis, production of synthetic seeds, importance, limitation and their utilization.

8.     Application of tissue culture in forestry and agriculture; status of tissue and cell culture technology in India edible vaccines, and their prospects

Suggested Readings

1.     Ammirato, P.V., D.A. Evans, N.D. Sharp and Y.P.S. Bajaj (1990).  Hand Book of Plant Cell Culture, Vols. 1-5. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York.

2.     Bhojwani, S.S. and Razadan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice ( A revised Edition), Elsevier Science Pub., New York, USA

3.     Collins, H.A. and Edwards,  S. 1998, Plant Cell Culture, Bios Scientific Pub., Oxford, U.K.

4.     Kartha, K.K. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.

5.     Razadan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to Plant Culture. Oxford & IBH Pub., Co., New Delhi, India

Paper – BOT-404(a)   ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-II (ELECTIVE)     Credit -4       MM-80+20  T: 3hrs

Objectives: To impart knowledge about the wider perspectives of the ‘Nitrogen economy builders of the nation’ in the context of fast changing industrializing Haryana as well as which has been traditionally an agricultural economy.

Outcome:

CO1  Student will be able to understand the fundamental principles and philosophy of restoration ecology.

CO2  Students will be able to understand the significance of disturbances affecting structure and functions of different types of ecosystems.

CO3  Students will develop insights into degradation of ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic) and their restoration by application of ecological principles.

CO4  This course emphasizes critical analysis of restoration approaches used in case studies.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-404 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-II):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-II):

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I

1) Photosynthesis and Chromatic adaptations in algae: pigments, photosynthetic membrane organization, oxygenic & anoxygenic photosynthesis.

2) Relationship of CO₂-assimilation with nitrogen assimilation: source of energy & reductants.

3. Nutrient uptake kinetics in algae.

Unit-II

4) Importance of N₂-fixing genera in Indian paddy fields for the improvement of soil fertility.

5) Heterocyst, its differentiation and role in N2-fixation.

6) Mechanism N₂-fixing fixation: nitrogenise and its in vivo activity.

7) Uptake kinetics of nitrogenous compounds, their transport and assimilation.

Unit-III

8) Algal immobilization: methods and applications.

9) Technologies for the reclamation, restoration & maintenance of usar soils and its fertility.

10) Restoration of degraded ecosystems through algae. Importance of algal flora for the treatment of wastewaters (activated sludge system) for the production of useful biomass & energy-rich fuel.

Unit-IV

11) Concept of algalization and biofertilizers.

12) Strain improvement for the production of nitrogenous compounds. Biological & technical aspects of outdoor mass culture of algae.

13) A brief account of commercial potentials of algae, algal products & their uses.

Paper – BOT-404(c) CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (ELECTIVE)             Credit-4       MM-80+20  T: 3hrs

Note:  Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Objectives: The student will be able to appreciate the value of Biodiversity and focus on the relationship between living organisms and the terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, coupled with the interactions that results from natural and anthropogenic processes.

Outcomes:

CO1  Students will become aware and understand the concept and significance of different conventions and Protected Area Networks in relation to conservation of Biodiversity.

CO2 Students will be able to develop own conservation values and ethics and appreciate the importance of biodiversity services.

CO3 Student will be able to develop the skills necessary to work efficiently in areas like conservation, EIA, environment management and monitoring.

CO4 After completion of the course, the student be able to formulate one’s own scientific and realistic approach towards Conservation Biology.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR  PAPER  BOT-404(c) (CONSERVATION BIOLOGY):

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404(c) (CONSERVATION BIOLOGY):

Unit-1

1)    Principles, characteristics and importance of conservation biology

2)    Conservation values and ethics, Role of species in conservation

          Unit-II

3)    Global biodiversity I: Patterns and Processes

4)    Global biodiversity II: Losses, Pattern of species vulnerability, Habitat fragmentation and degradation, Synergistic interactions

5)    Biodiversity and ecosystem services

         Unit-III

6)    Biodiversity of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs- A general account

7)    Biosphere reserves and RAMSAR sites in India, The Design of Conservation Reserves

8)    Major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere Reserves)

          Unit-IV

9)    Importance of genetic resources and conservation of crop genetic resources

10) International and National efforts to conserve biodiversity: Convention on biological diversity, CITES, Ramsar convention; National Biodiversity strategy

11) Role of remote sensing and GIS and biodiversity conservation

Suggested Readings :

Chape, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. And Spalding, M. 2003. United Nations list of protected areas. IUCN/UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge

Gopal, B. (ed.) 1987. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation of the Indian Subcontinent. W. Junk bv.  The Hague.

Heywood, V.(Ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Hunter (Jr.) M.L. (1996); Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, Blackwell Science. Meffe G.K. and C. Ronals Corroll (1994) Principles of Conservation Biology, Sinaur Associates, Inc., Sunderland. Massachusetts.

Huston, M.A. 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5^th Edition. John Wiley

& Sons Inc., New York.

Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.

Soule, M.E. (ed.) (1986) : Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinaur Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Turner, M.G., Gadner,R.H. and O,Neill, R.V. 2001. Landscape Ecology: In theory and Practice,

CO-PO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR ALL THE COURSES OF BOTANY:

Discrepancy, if any noted by stakeholders may please be brought to the notice of Department of Botany for necessary action.

PSO (Programme Specific Outcomes)

1.     Biodiversity of lower and higher plants along with their taxonomic status. The students will have in-depth knowledge about physiology and metabolism of plants.

2.     Students will be able to gain in-depth knowledge regarding ethnobotany,  conservation status and strategies of economically important plants.

3.     This program aims to critically engage students with concepts of ecological principles, biodiversity, population, community, ecosystem structure and function, importance of environment and the problems related with it at local and global level.

4.     The students will have strong base knowledge of physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of plants biology. It will help them venture into advanced research areas.

5.     This program will help students to be aware of good laboratory practices in microbial technology and plant biotechnology.

PEO (Programme Educational Objectives)

PO (Programme Outcomes)

1.     To acquaint students with recent knowledge and techniques in basic and applied biological sciences.

2.     To develop understanding of organismal, cellular, biochemical and environmental basis of life

3.     To provide insight into ethical implications of biological research for environmental protection and good laboratory practices and biosafety.

4.     To develop problem solving innovative thinking with robust communication and writing skills in youth with reference to biological, environmental and nutritional sciences.

5.     To understand the applications of biotic material in health, medicine and food security for human well being and sustainable development.

Time Table

Facilities